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------------------------------------------------------------------------ --- This module contains an implementation of set functions. --- The general idea of set functions is described in: --- --- > S. Antoy, M. Hanus: Set Functions for Functional Logic Programming --- > Proc. 11th International Conference on Principles and Practice --- > of Declarative Programming (PPDP'09), pp. 73-82, ACM Press, 2009 --- --- Intuition: If `f` is an n-ary function, then `(setn f)` is a set-valued --- function that collects all non-determinism caused by f (but not --- the non-determinism caused by evaluating arguments!) in a set. --- Thus, `(setn f a1 ... an)` returns the set of all --- values of `(f b1 ... bn)` where `b1`,...,`bn` are values --- of the arguments `a1`,...,`an` (i.e., the arguments are --- evaluated "outside" this capsule so that the non-determinism --- caused by evaluating these arguments is not captured in this capsule --- but yields several results for `(setn...)`. --- Similarly, logical variables occuring in `a1`,...,`an` are not bound --- inside this capsule (in PAKCS they cause a suspension until --- they are bound). --- --- The set of values returned by a set function is represented --- by an abstract type 'Values' on which several operations are --- defined in this module. Actually, it is a multiset of values, --- i.e., duplicates are not removed. --- --- The handling of failures and nested occurrences of set functions --- is not specified in the previous paper. Thus, a detailed description --- of the semantics of set functions as implemented in this library --- can be found in the paper --- --- > J. Christiansen, M. Hanus, F. Reck, D. Seidel: --- > A Semantics for Weakly Encapsulated Search in Functional Logic Programs --- > Proc. 15th International Conference on Principles and Practice --- > of Declarative Programming (PPDP'13), pp. 49-60, ACM Press, 2013 --- --- Restrictions of the PAKCS implementation of set functions: --- --- 1. The set is a multiset, i.e., it might contain multiple values. --- 2. The multiset of values is completely evaluated when demanded. --- Thus, if it is infinite, its evaluation will not terminate --- even if only some elements (e.g., for a containment test) --- are demanded. However, for the emptiness test, at most one --- value will be computed --- 3. The arguments of a set function are strictly evaluated before --- the set functions itself will be evaluated. --- --- @author Michael Hanus, Fabian Reck --- @version January 2018 --- @category general ------------------------------------------------------------------------ {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} module SetFunctions (set0, set1, set2, set3, set4, set5, set6, set7 , Values, isEmpty, notEmpty, valueOf , choose, chooseValue, select, selectValue , mapValues, foldValues, filterValues , minValue, minValueBy, maxValue, maxValueBy , values2list, printValues, sortValues, sortValuesBy ) where import List ( delete, minimum, minimumBy, maximum, maximumBy ) import Sort ( mergeSortBy ) import Findall ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --- Combinator to transform a 0-ary function into a corresponding set function. set0 :: b -> Values b set0 f = Values (someValue f) (findall (=:=f)) --- Combinator to transform a unary function into a corresponding set function. set1 :: (a1 -> b) -> a1 -> Values b set1 f x | x=:=x = Values (someValue (f x)) (findall (=:=(f x))) --- Combinator to transform a binary function into a corresponding set function. set2 :: (a1 -> a2 -> b) -> a1 -> a2 -> Values b set2 f x1 x2 | x1=:=x1 & x2=:=x2 = Values (someValue (f x1 x2)) (findall (=:=(f x1 x2))) --- Combinator to transform a function of arity 3 --- into a corresponding set function. set3 :: (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> b) -> a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> Values b set3 f x1 x2 x3 | x1=:=x1 & x2=:=x2 & x3=:=x3 = Values (someValue (f x1 x2 x3)) (findall (=:=(f x1 x2 x3))) --- Combinator to transform a function of arity 4 --- into a corresponding set function. set4 :: (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> b) -> a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> Values b set4 f x1 x2 x3 x4 | x1=:=x1 & x2=:=x2 & x3=:=x3 & x4=:=x4 = Values (someValue (f x1 x2 x3 x4)) (findall (=:=(f x1 x2 x3 x4))) --- Combinator to transform a function of arity 5 --- into a corresponding set function. set5 :: (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> a5 -> b) -> a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> a5 -> Values b set5 f x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 | x1=:=x1 & x2=:=x2 & x3=:=x3 & x4=:=x4 & x5=:=x5 = Values (someValue (f x1 x2 x3 x4 x5)) (findall (=:=(f x1 x2 x3 x4 x5))) --- Combinator to transform a function of arity 6 --- into a corresponding set function. set6 :: (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> a5 -> a6 -> b) -> a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> a5 -> a6 -> Values b set6 f x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 | x1=:=x1 & x2=:=x2 & x3=:=x3 & x4=:=x4 & x5=:=x5 & x6=:=x6 = Values (someValue (f x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6)) (findall (=:=(f x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6))) --- Combinator to transform a function of arity 7 --- into a corresponding set function. set7 :: (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> a5 -> a6 -> a7 -> b) -> a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> a5 -> a6 -> a7 -> Values b set7 f x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 | x1=:=x1 & x2=:=x2 & x3=:=x3 & x4=:=x4 & x5=:=x5 & x6=:=x6 & x7=:=x7 = Values (someValue (f x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7)) (findall (=:=(f x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7))) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Auxiliaries: --- Computes some value of a given expression. --- This implementation is specific to PAKCS in order to --- to implement `notEmpty` and `selectValue` efficiently and --- also for possibly infinite result sets. someValue :: a -> Maybe a someValue e = let xs = findall (=:= (findfirst (=:=e))) in if null xs then Nothing else Just (head xs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Abstract type representing multisets of values. data Values a = Values (Maybe a) [a] --- Internal operation to extract all elements of a multiset of values. valuesOf :: Values a -> [a] valuesOf (Values _ s) = s ---------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Is a multiset of values empty? isEmpty :: Values a -> Bool isEmpty (Values firstval _) = case firstval of Nothing -> True Just _ -> False --- Is a multiset of values not empty? notEmpty :: Values a -> Bool notEmpty vs = not (isEmpty vs) --- Is some value an element of a multiset of values? valueOf :: Eq a => a -> Values a -> Bool valueOf e s = e `elem` valuesOf s --- Chooses (non-deterministically) some value in a multiset of values --- and returns the chosen value and the remaining multiset of values. --- Thus, if we consider the operation `chooseValue` by --- --- chooseValue x = fst (choose x) --- --- then `(set1 chooseValue)` is the identity on value sets, i.e., --- `(set1 chooseValue s)` contains the same elements as the --- value set `s`. choose :: Eq a => Values a -> (a,Values a) choose (Values _ vs) = (x, Values (if null xs then Nothing else Just (head xs)) xs) where x = foldr1 (?) vs xs = delete x vs --- Chooses (non-deterministically) some value in a multiset of values --- and returns the chosen value. --- Thus, `(set1 chooseValue)` is the identity on value sets, i.e., --- `(set1 chooseValue s)` contains the same elements as the --- value set `s`. chooseValue :: Eq a => Values a -> a chooseValue s = fst (choose s) --- Selects (indeterministically) some value in a multiset of values --- and returns the selected value and the remaining multiset of values. --- Thus, `select` has always at most one value. --- It fails if the value set is empty. --- --- **NOTE:** --- The usage of this operation is only safe (i.e., does not destroy --- completeness) if all values in the argument set are identical. select :: Values a -> (a,Values a) select (Values _ (x:xs)) = (x, Values (if null xs then Nothing else Just (head xs)) xs) --- Selects (indeterministically) some value in a multiset of values --- and returns the selected value. --- Thus, `selectValue` has always at most one value. --- It fails if the value set is empty. --- --- **NOTE:** --- The usage of this operation is only safe (i.e., does not destroy --- completeness) if all values in the argument set are identical. selectValue :: Values a -> a selectValue (Values (Just val) _) = val --- Maps a function to all elements of a multiset of values. mapValues :: (a -> b) -> Values a -> Values b mapValues f (Values mbval s) = Values (maybe Nothing (Just . f) mbval) (map f s) --- Accumulates all elements of a multiset of values by applying a binary --- operation. This is similarly to fold on lists, but the binary operation --- must be <b>commutative</b> so that the result is independent of the order --- of applying this operation to all elements in the multiset. foldValues :: (a -> a -> a) -> a -> Values a -> a foldValues f z s = foldr f z (valuesOf s) --- Keeps all elements of a multiset of values that satisfy a predicate. filterValues :: (a -> Bool) -> Values a -> Values a filterValues p (Values _ s) = Values val xs where xs = filter p s val = if null xs then Nothing else Just (head xs) --- Returns the minimum of a non-empty multiset of values --- according to the given comparison function on the elements. minValue :: Ord a => Values a -> a minValue s = minimum (valuesOf s) --- Returns the minimum of a non-empty multiset of values --- according to the given comparison function on the elements. minValueBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Values a -> a minValueBy cmp s = minimumBy cmp (valuesOf s) --- Returns the maximum of a non-empty multiset of values --- according to the given comparison function on the elements. maxValue :: Ord a => Values a -> a maxValue s = maximum (valuesOf s) --- Returns the maximum of a non-empty multiset of values --- according to the given comparison function on the elements. maxValueBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Values a -> a maxValueBy cmp s = maximumBy cmp (valuesOf s) --- Puts all elements of a multiset of values in a list. --- Since the order of the elements in the list might depend on --- the time of the computation, this operation is an I/O action. values2list :: Values a -> IO [a] values2list s = return (valuesOf s) --- Prints all elements of a multiset of values. printValues :: Show a => Values a -> IO () printValues s = values2list s >>= mapIO_ print --- Transforms a multiset of values into a list sorted by --- the standard term ordering. As a consequence, the multiset of values --- is completely evaluated. sortValues :: Ord a => Values a -> [a] sortValues = sortValuesBy (<=) --- Transforms a multiset of values into a list sorted by a given ordering --- on the values. As a consequence, the multiset of values --- is completely evaluated. --- In order to ensure that the result of this operation is independent of the --- evaluation order, the given ordering must be a total order. sortValuesBy :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> Values a -> [a] sortValuesBy leq s = mergeSortBy leq (valuesOf s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |